Along with Ciolek, Grassian, and Tillman (cited below), Alexander and Tate are among the most frequently cited sources on evaluating web resources. Alexander and Tate provide source evaluation module and PowerPoint slides on such topics as advertising and sponsorship on the web, advocacy web pages, business/marketing web pages, information web pages, and personal home pages. The authors also provide links to sample web pages, a bibliography of web evaluation articles and books, and links to additional web evaluation sites.
This site links to slides of a PowerPoint presentation on web evaluation. The presentation introduces web resource evaluation techniques and makes the argument that reliance upon web-based information is increasing. In addition, the presentation covers five traditional evaluation criteria (taken from knowledge about validity of print resources) and applies these criteria to actual web pages. Finally, the presentation introduces additional challenges presented by web resources that are not present in print sources.
Auer, a librarian for the Virginia Tech University Libraries, originally created this bibliography for a panel discussion at a regional conference in Wisconsin. The site focuses on resources dealing with "problems and issues related to teaching and using critical thinking skills to evaluate Internet resources." Regularly updated and extensive, the bibliography includes both online and print resources as well as links to relevant listservs.
Beck, Susan. "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: or Why It's a
Good Idea to Evaluate Web Sources." New Mexico State University
Libraries. 6 Feb. 2002. http://lib.nmsu.edu/instruction/eval.html (16 February 2002).
Beck provides a useful web site for teachers and students who wish to focus on criteria for source validity and application of these criteria to specific sites. Beck's web site is divided into four categories: examples of web sites, evaluation criteria, suggestions for successful Internet assignments, and bibliography. The suggestions section is obviously intended for teachers, but the other sections are very useful for anyone interested in web site validation. The examples of web sites are clustered into sample sites on smoking and tobacco, AIDs, immigration, and drugs, hormones & human tissue, and the evaluation criteria section covers all the standard guidelines. Finally, the bibliography is a well-selected list of print and electronics references on source assessment. Although the bibliography isn't current, Beck has asterisked those references that make an effort to remain up-to-date.
Ciolek, T. Matthew. "The Six Quests for The Electronic Grail:
Current Approaches to Information Quality in WWW Resources." 20 June 1996. http://www.ciolek.com/PAPERS/six-quests1996.html (15 Feb. 2004).
Along with Alexander and Tate, Grassian, and Tillman (cited in this bibliography), Ciolek is among the most frequently cited sources on evaluating web resources. This particular site in a complex web on current approaches to information quality. Of 10 sections, the most relevant to consideration of web site validity are the sections on the untrustworthiness of the WWW and evaluative approaches. The bibliography is also useful.
This site is a large web focused on information quality in virtual libraries. The directory structure on the index page makes it easy to find things, and the range of topics is both broad and deep. The web includes information on such topics as Building Quality in non-WWW Resources [ftp, telnet, databases, mailing lists], Building Quality WWW Resources [design, development & administration of Web systems], and Quality Info.Systems--Catalogue of Potent Truisms. Probably the most relevant for this bibliography are the sections on Evaluation of Information Resources and the weekly data quality newsletter--although readers will find other links lead to information of value to the topic of web validity.
This article is a chapter from The World Wide Web Unleashed
(Sams Publishing, 1994). The article argues that although the web is developing at a "breakneck" pace, it is difficult to determine the meaning or value of this information. In fact, the article argues for the necessity of developing methodologies for finding and retrieving web information so that the value of this rich information source is not lost. December explores the growth in Web activity, surveys the growing diversity of Web communication that demonstrates the need to
increase information quality, and provides suggestions gathering, managing, and presenting Internet information.
The intent of this web site is to provide a cataloguing tool "to be used by Internet subject gateways to define or refine their own quality selection criteria," so these aren't standard evaluation criteria. Nonetheless, general users might find the general categories (content, form, process, scope, and collection)--and particularly the extensive list of questions under each category--very useful in determining a source's validity.
This site from the University of Maryland University College provides a checklist, divided into five separate criteria for evaluation, with
questions that can be asked to determine whether or not a Web resource is of high quality.
Fenton, Serena. "Information Quality: is the truth out there?" 29 May 1997. http://ils.unc.edu/~fents/310/ (15 Feb. 2004).
An edited version of this article appears as a chapter in: Bert Dempsey
and Paul Jones (eds.) Internet Issues and Applications, 1997-98 Scarecrow Press, 1998. The site itself includes one section that is particularly relevant to assessing a web site's quality: http://ils.unc.edu/~fents/310/#Evaluating Web . After a short discursive introduction with links to other web sites, Fenton provides the Reference and Information Services set of evaluation criteria for references. Then she provides an information quality checklist that elaborates upon these criteria through the use of evaluation questions that can be applied to Internet sources. Finally, Fenton includes links to other sites on "Internet Information Evaluation."
Harris focuses on the diversity of information--both in content and in quality--on the Internet. He provides a process for screening this information, beginning with preevaluation before research even begins, moving through selection of likely sources, through application of tests of information quality, including a checklist Harris calls CARS (Credibility, Accuracy, Reasonableness, Support). He contextualizes this checklist in useful ways that encourage users to look not only for indicators of quality as well as lack of such indicators.
Henderson, John and M. Poulin. "The ICYouSee Guide to Critical Thinking About What You See on the Web." 18 Jan. 2000. http://www.ithaca.edu/library/Training/hott.html; Ithaca College Library. (15 Feb. 2004).
This site offers six suggestions for looking at Web
pages. Among these suggestions is the observation "Look at five or six different Web sites and you might get six or eight different answers." Henderson and Poulin substantiate this claim by pointing to sites which attribute the same quote to different people. Henderson and Poulin also link to two statistical sites related to AIDS that readers can compare and include a link to a page in which they specifically address the difficulties of evaluating web sites used by hate groups. Finally, a page in Henderson and Poulin's web includes lists of links to interdisciplinary sites and to sites from various academic disciplines. The material is also available in presentation mode at http://www.ithaca.edu/library/Training/hott0.html.
Under the general categories of Purpose, Source, Content, and Style and Functionality, Jacobson and Cohen provide a checklist for evaluating Internet sites.
Hinchliffe argues that selecting and evaluating resources involves answering three main questions. 1) Is the resource or information likely to be found on the Internet? 2) Where is the resource or information located on the Internet? 3) Is the resource or information that exists accurate and reliable? Each of these questions, then, is addressed on separate pages. The page regarding accuracy and reliability covers these standard criteria: format, scope, relation to other works, authority, treatment, arrangement, and cost.
Jones argues that librarians, taking on the roles of expert and apprentice, need to focus on teaching critical thinking skills rather than merely focusing on the basic skills of evaluating resources and mastering search tools. The article includes a constructivist framework for instruction as well as an instructional design project for teaching critical thinking skills in the evaluation of online resources.
Kirk looks at "basic criteria for evaluating all forms of information, and how they apply to the Internet": authorship, publishing body, point of view or bias, referral to other sources, verifiability, currency. Kirk also presents helpful information on related topics: understanding and decoding URLs: steps for evaluating authorship, publishing body, and currency; finding quality on the net, and citing electronic information.
Kotlas, Carolyn. "Evaluating Web Sites for Educational Uses: Bibliography and Checklist." 1997; revised 15 July 1999. http://www.unc.edu/cit/guides/irg-49.html (15 Feb. 2004).
This site includes a fairly extensive bibliography of electronic and print resources about web site assessment as well as a 17-point checklist of questions for evaluating web sites.
This web reviews criteria that should be considered in determining the quality of information found on web pages; the site demonstrates each criteria by linking to examples of both good and questionable sites.
Lederer takes readers through the process of evaluating a web page, beginning with purpose and audience and moving through the standard criteria for assessment. She provides links to examples of web pages that demonstrate her points (including links to journal articles on the web versus other web sources and links to examples of email and listserv/newsgroup postings). Finally, Lederer provides links to checklists for evaluating web pages available at Widener University, Wolfgram Memorial Library.
Karen McLachlan, Library Media Specialist at East Knox High School, Ohio, developed guidelines that teachers and secondary students can use to evaluate web page content and graphic design. These guidelines can be printed and filled out when people are evaluating web pages or designing their own.
Montecino presents a bibliography links to various sites on evaluating Internet materials, including two links to her own pages. Her pages are assignments that ask students to analyze web sites either as members of a group or as individuals.
Morgan excerpts "Some advice and a Rule of Thumb" from Internet World, Dec. 1995. "Ask the Net.Answer Man," by Andrew Kantor.
(http://www.mecklerweb.com/iwonline/Dec95/entrylevel.html#research) and "The Word Electric" (http://www.mecklerweb.com/iwonline/Sep95/feat30.htm). Note that these links no longer work. Although the information is drawn directly from Kantor, the information is presented in a commonsensical, effective way.
This page from the Cornell University Library provides a detailed discussion of specific strategies for an initial appraisal as well as content analysis of information sources. The site does not mention Internet or web resources, and the criteria are the conventional print-based guidelines.
This web page from Purdue's Online Writing Lab covers evaluation of information sources in general and includes a section on evaluating Internet sources. The section of the page on Internet sources actually looks at standard criteria for print resources, but it reviews them with the special nature of Internet resources well in mind so that the information is well adapted to consideration of electronic sources.
Rettig, James. "Putting the Squeeze on the Information Firehose: The Need for Neteditors and Netreviewers." 13 June 1997. http://www.swem.wm.edu/firehose.html (15 Feb. 2004).
This web site presents a slightly modified version of a paper presented on Friday, November 3, 1995, at the 15th Annual Charleston Conference on library acquisitions and related issues, held at the College of Charleston
in Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America. Rettig shows his readers what he calls "a cyberspace sampler of evidence culled from the vast, ever changing, and rapidly growing World Wide Web--just one part of the Internet. We'll confine our whirlwind tour to sites that most people would categorize as reference works." He uses this cyberspace sample to demonstrate three points:
Rettig argues that the web is superior to print when information is mutable and users need it quickly: "Stock quotes, current weather data, sports scores, and the like."
Rettig points out that the medium is changing our concepts of reference genres: "We have taken the well known names of these genre--dictionaries, encyclopedias, maps, directories, etc.-- and applied them to similar creations in the electronic realm. As they evolve over time in this ethereal environment--with its power for combining text, image, and sound in ways impossible on the printed page--we may have to develop a new set of names for a new generation of information sources, names that convey a distinct set of characteristics that transcend the existing characteristics of the print genre from which they have sprung."
Finally, Rettig indicates that "publishers and editors add value in the way they gather and report information. "
Given his perspective as a librarian, Rettig's perspective and examples are refreshing.
Schrock, Kathleen. "Kathy Schrock's Guide for Educators: Critical Evaluation Surveys." http://discoveryschool.com/schrockguide/eval.html; Nathaniel H. Wixon Middle School, South Dennis, MA. (15 Feb. 2004).
This web site, now hosted by the Discover Channel School web site, includes the following evaluation forms in both web and pdf format: Elementary School Level, Middle School Level, and Secondary School Level. (I must admit, though, that I see no differences among the surveys.) Schrock also includes valuable links to online articles she's written on the subject--one which includes a lesson plan Schrock designed (Internet Curriculum #3: Evaluation of a Web Page)--as well as carefully selected links to critical evaluation information by others.
This site introduces criteria for web site evaluation--Authority, Accuracy, Objectivity, Currency, and Coverage--and links to the University of Maryland University College site on evaluating internet sources. The site also links to really interesting web pages that readers can evaluate.
Part of the Information Quality WWW Virtual Library established by Matthew Ciolek and Irena M. Goltz, Smith's site is an extensive bibliography of resources dealing with evaluation of information, particularly information resources on the Internet. Intended for an audience of librarians, the bibliography is divided into these categories: general selection criteria, selection criteria used for specific sources, and commentary.
Sparks links to twelve web sites (primarily library sites) dealing with assessment of sources. Although most of the sites focus on Internet sources, one site provides criteria for assessing print sources.
This page from the Andersen Library at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater is a bibliography of web sites that focus on evaluation of Internet sources.
Tyburski, Genie. "Publishers Wanted, No Experience Necessary: Information Quality on the Web." Law Library Resource Exchange 24 June 1997; archived 22 July 1997. http://www.llrx.com/columns/quality.htm (15 Feb. 2004).
Written by a research librarian for Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the editor of "The Virtual Chase Web Site: A Research Site for Legal Professionals," this web site is actually one of a series of columns for the "Law Library Resource." The column provides wonderful examples of sites demonstrating various criteria, links to several reputable sites on source validity, and a list of suggested online readings on the topic.
This site is a free online tutorial requiring registration. It was produced by the DESIRE Project of the EU and developed by staff at The Institute for Learning and Research Technology (ILRT) at the University of Bristol.
Print Sources
Abdullah, Mardziah Hayati. "Guidelines for Evaluating Web Sites." ERIC Digest. 1998. ED426440.
This Digest offers a checklist of criteria for evaluating Web sites and lists eight online sources of evaluation criteria for Web sites.
Alexander, Janet E. and Marsha Ann Tate. Web Wisdom: How to Evaluate and Create Information Quality on the Web. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999.
Online versions of information present in Alexander and Tate's book are available at the two web sites listed above.
Auer, Nicole. "Bibliography on Evaluating Internet Resources." Emergency
Librarian 25.5 (1998): 23-24.
Note that Auer's more up-to-date bibliography is available on the web site listed above.
Blandy, Susan Griswold and Patricia O'Brien Libutti. "As the Cursor
Blinks: Electronic Scholarship and Undergraduates in the Library." Library
Trends 44.2 (1995): 279-305.
Bodi, Sonia. "Scholarship or Propaganda: How Can Librarians Help
Undergraduates Tell the Difference?" Journal of Academic Librarianship Jan.1995: 21-25.
Borrowman, Shane. "Critical Surfing: Holocaust Denial and Credibility
on the Web." College Teaching 47.2 (1999): 44-47.
Branch, Robert M., Dohun Kim, and Lynne Koenecke. "Evaluating Online Educational Materials for Use in Instruction." ERIC Digest. ED430564/
These materials include a checklist intended to assist teachers in choosing quality online educational materials and a bibliography of web sites that provide additional tools for evaluating web sites.
Brandt, D. Scott. "Constructivism: Teaching for Understanding of the
Internet." Communications of the ACM 40.10 (1997): 112-117.
Brandt, D. Scott. "Evaluating Information on the Internet." Computers in Libraries 16.5 (1996): 44-47.
Note that this article is also available electronically at the web site cited above.
Brandt, D. Scott. "Relevancy and Searching the Internet." Computers
in Libraries 16.8 (1996): 35-38.
Butler, Julene. "Scholarly Resources on the Internet." Internet Research 7.1 (1997): 51-52. EJ561498.
This article describes two categories of scholarly Internet resources: peer-reviewed electronic journals and academic discussion lists (also known as electronic conferences or newsgroups) and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Although the article does not overtly consider evaluation standards, descriptions of Internet sources deemed "scholarly" serves to highlight traditional notions of quality.
Caruso, Carol. "Before You Cite a Site." Educational Leadership 55.3 (1977): 24-25.
Caruso, a teacher, offers tips to help educators and students evaluate web sources--the four Ws of site validation: who wrote the site, what the site is saying, when the site was created, and where it originated.
Boyd argues that librarians are uniquely qualified to review information sources on the Internet and suggests that a process comparable to traditional reference reviewing is needed "to replace trivial and ambiguous rating systems." Boyd then discusses the Infofilter Project, designed by librarians to lend "bibliographic control to the World Wide Web." The article includes a list of criteria for evaluating Internet sources.
Connell, H. Tschera and Jennifer E. Tipple. "Testing the Accuracy
of Information on the World Wide Web Using the Alta Vista Search Engine."
Reference & User Services Quarterly Summer 1999: 360-368.
Cooke, Alison. Authoritative Guide to Evaluating Information on the Internet. Neal-Schuman NetGuide Series. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1999. ED433011.
This entire book focuses on assessing Internet sources. It includes information on ten areas of evaluation and also considers evaluating different types of information sources (e.g., organizational World Wide Web sites, personal home pages, subject-based Web sites, electronic journals). The book provides evaluation criteria specific to
each type of information source type as well as an annotated bibliography of other guidelines available for evaluating Internet sources.
Cunningham, Sally Jo. "Teaching Students to Critically Evaluate
the Quality of Internet Research Resources" SIGCSE Bulletin
June 1997: 31-34, 38.
Cushing, B. E. " Critical Internet Resource Evaluation Skills for Adult
Learners in Online Learning Environments." Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems 12.4 (1998): 9-12. EJ580114.
Although this article focuses on the need for adult learners in online environments
to be able to critically evaluate Internet resources, it also discusses the differences and similarities between Internet resources and print information sources, talks about adapting
traditional evaluation techniques to Internet information, and considers additional criteria appropriate for determining whether or not web sites are valid.
Doran, Kirk. "The Internot: Helping Library Patrons Understand What the Internet Is Not (Yet)." Computers in Libraries June 1995: 22-26.
Fitzgerald, Mary Ann. "Misinformation on the Internet: Applying Evaluation Skills to Online Information." Emergency Librarian 24.3 (1997): 9-14.
Fox, Lynne M. "Some On-line (and Off-line) Resources for Evaluating Information on the World Wide Web." Colorado Libraries Summer 1996: 46-47.
Garman, Nancy. "When Online Is Not Enough." Online May/June 1995: 6-7.
Gillette, Mary Ann, and Carol Videon. "Seeking Quality on the Internet: A Case Study of Composition Students' Works Cited." Teaching English in the Two-Year College 26.2 (1998): 189-94. EJ577042.
Although this article focuses on Internet sources cited by students in research papers for a literature class, the article also provides guidelines for online research to help students locate quality Internet resources.
Hahn, Susan E. "Internet: Let the User Beware." Reference Services Review 25.2 (1997): 7-13.
Hernon, Peter. "Disinformation and Misinformation through the Internet: Findings of an Exploratory Study." Government Information Quarterly 12.2 (1995): 133-139.
Irvine, Martin. Web Works. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1997.
Janes, Joseph W. and Louis B. Rosenfeld. "Networked Information Retrieval and Organization: Issues and Questions." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47.9 (1997): 711-715.
Jones, Debra. Exploring the Internet Using Critical Thinking Skills: A Self-Paced Workbook for Learning to Effectively Use the Internet and Evaluate Online Information. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 1998. ED416850.
This workbook focuses on teaching students how to explore the Internet
critically. Among other topics, it offers suggestions on looking for reputable sources; identifying bias, manipulative reasoning, propaganda, irrelevant, and misleading information; and checking for accuracy and timeliness of information.
Jurek, Richard J. "Don't Be Fooled Again" Internet World 8.4 (1997): 47-50.
This article discusses misinformation on the Internet and advises businesses to critically assess information found there.
Kapoun, Jim. "Teaching Undergrads WEB Evaluation." College and Research Libraries News 59.7 (1998): 522-523.
King, Angelynn. "Caveat Surfer: End-User Research on the Web." Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery, and Information Supply 8.1 (1997): 53-60.
Kirkwood, Hal P., Jr. "Beyond Evaluation: A model for cooperative evaluation of Internet resources." Online 22.4 (1998): 66-72.
Kirkwood, Hal P., Jr. "Bookmark Central" Online July/August 1998: 82-84.
Konrad, Lee and James Stemper. "Same Game, Different Name: Demystifying Internet Instruction." Research Strategies 14.1 (Winter 1996): 4-21.
Leverenz, Carrie Shively. "Citing Cybersources: A Challenge to Disciplinary Values." Computers and Composition 15.2 (1998): 185-200. EJ587539.
Although this article focuses on the challenges that cybercitations raise concerning traditional documentation (both MLA and APA), its discussion of why online sources challenge deeply held beliefs about authors, texts, and knowledge-making is very relevant to a discussion of Internet source validity.
Makulowich, John. "Quality Control on the Net." Database
February 1996: 93-94.
Martorana, Janet and Carol Doyle. "Computers On, Critical Thinking Off: Challenges of Teaching in the Electronic Environment." Research Strategies 14.3 (Summer 1996): 184-191.
McBride, Kari Boyd and Ruth Dickstein. "The Web Demands Critical Reading by Students." Chronicle of Higher Education 44.28 (1998): B6.
McKenzie, Jamie. "Making WEB Meaning." Educational Leadership 54.3 (1996): 30-32.
This article discusses projects for middle school classes.
Miller, William. "Troubling Myths about On-Line Information." Chronicle of Higher Education 43.47 (1997): A44.
Nowicki, Stacy. "Information Literacy and Critical Thinking in the Electronic Environment." Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems 13.1 (1999): 25-28.
Oberman, Cerise. "Avoiding the Cereal Syndrome, or Critical Thinking in the Electronic Environment." Library Trends 39.3 (1991): 189-202.
Oberman, Cerise. "Unmasking Technology: A Prelude to Teaching. Research Strategies" 13.1 (1995): 34-39.
Page, Mary and Martine Kesselman. "Teaching the Internet: Challenges and Opportunities." Research Strategies 12 .3 (1994): 157-167.
Pagell, Ruth A. "Quality and the Internet: An Open Letter." Online July/Aug. 1995: 7-9.
Pask, Judith and Carl E. Snow. "Undergraduate Instruction and the Internet." Library Trends 44.2 (1995): 306-317.
Pratt, Gregory F., Patrick Flannery, and Cassandra Perkins. "Guidelines for Internet Resource Selection." College and Research Libraries News March 1996: 135.
Rader, Hannelore, Billie Reinhart, and Gary Thompson. Evaluating Information: A Basic Checklist (Item number A127). Chicago: ALA, 1990.
Rettig, James. "Beyond Cool: Analog Models for Reviewing Digital Resources." Online 20.5 (1996): 52-64.
Rosenfeld, Louis B. "Guides, Clearinghouses, and Value-Added
Repackaging: Some Thoughts on How Librarians Can Improve the Internet."
Reference Services Review Winter 1994: 11-16.
Rothenberg, David. "How the Web Destroys the Quality of Students'
Research Papers." Chronicle of Higher Education 15 Aug. 1997: A44.
Sabol, Laurie. "The Value of Student Evaluation of a Web Site."
Research Strategies 16.1 (1998): 79-84.
Safford, Barbara Ripp. "The Problem with the Internet: It is
NOT the Information Highway." School Library Media Activities
Monthly 13.3 (1996): 42-43.
Safford, Barbara Ripp and others. "What Do We Teach about the
World Wide Web?" School Library Media Activities Monthly
13.4 (1996): 44-46.
Santa Vicca, Edmund F. "The Internet as a Reference and Research
Tool: A Model for Educators." The Reference Librarian
no. 41-42 (1994): 225-236.
Sarapuu, Tago and Kristjan Adojaan. "Evaluation Scale of Educational Web Sites." In WebNet 98 World Conference of the WWW, Internet and Intranet Proceedings (3rd, Orlando, FL, November 7-12, 1998). ED427733.
This paper presents a web site Evaluation Scale consisting of three
parts: composition of the site (general characteristics, presentation and illustration of information, and user's impression); pedagogical aspects; and curriculum-
related aspects. The paper also reviews the results of a study of 27 biology teachers who evaluated web sites using this Evaluation Scale.
Scholz-Crane, Ann. "Evaluating the Future: A Preliminary Study of
the Process of How Undergraduate Students Evaluate Web Sources." RSR;
Reference Services Review 26.3/4 (1998): 53-60.
Schrock, Kathleen. "It Must Be True. I Found It On The Internet."
Technology Connection 3.5 (1996): 12-14.
This article includes
a K-12 lesson plan for teaching evaluation skills and a useful checklist.
Siering, Greg. "Valuing Usage over "Quality": Revising Our Evaluation Standards for Online Resources." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Conference on College Composition and Communication (Chicago, IL, April 1-4, 1998). ED420057.
This paper argues that by promoting traditional standards of "quality," teachers push students towards viewing the Web as they often view the library, as a place to get "correct" information to support their positions in research papers. Siering contends that this view of the Web as a repository of information reduces its value as an interactive medium. Instead, Siering suggests that teachers approach online resources from a standpoint of "use" and thereby promote students' engagement in more interactive and creative research. Teachers should encourage students to value resources not just for their "accuracy" or "authority," but for how they add different perspectives to an issue, or how their approach to a topic can be juxtaposed against other resources.
Skov, Annette. "Separating the wheat from the chaff: Internet Quality." Database Aug./Sept. 1998: 38-40.
Smith, Alastair G. "Testing the Surf: Criteria for Evaluating Internet Information Resources." The Public-Access Computer Systems Review 8.3 (1997): n.p.
(see Internet version above).
Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts on the Information Highway. New York: Doubleday, 1995.
Tate, Marsha and Jane Alexander. "Teaching Critical Evaluation Skills for World Wide Web Resources." Computers in Libraries 16.10 (1996): 49-54.
This article includes an informational web page checklist. This checklist replicates the materials available on Tate and Alexander's web pages, cited above.
Vendetti, Gus. "Critic's Choice: Six Sites That Rate the Web." Internet World 8.1 (1997): 82-96.