Journal Reading List - Research and Classes

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MWR - Monthly Weather Review BAMS - Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.
WAF - Weather and Forecasting JAS - Journal of the Atmos. Scis.
JAM – Journal of Applied Meteorology

Air Quality

Ziang et al., Aug. 1998, JAM - High ozone in NE US during July 1995 heat
wave
Gaza, Sept. 1998, JAM - Ozone levels during NE US summer airflows
Westphal et al., 1999, WAF - Possible airborne carriage of organisms producing
Gulf War Syndrome
Lindsey et al., Aug 1999, JAM – Pollutant transport from N. AZ power plant
into Grand Canyon and surroundings
Baik and Kim, Nov. 1999, JAM – Modeling study of pollutant dispersion in
urban street canyons
Ryan et al., Feb 2000, WAF – Factors in ozone forecasting for the BWI-DCA
area
Seaman and Michelson, March 2000, JAM – Role of lee troughs in Northeast US
high ozone episode
Bowen et al., March 2000, JAM – Nocturnal vertical wind shear and air
pollution in the Northern NM Rio Grande Valley
Air-Surface Interaction
Segal et al., March 1998, JAM - Irrigation and relation to N. Amer. rainfall
Ellis and Leathers, Sept. 1998, WAF - Snow cover and cold air mass temps
Ellis and Leathers, June 1999, JAM - Effect of snow depth on Central US temps
DeRidder and Gallee, Nov. 1998, JAM - Modification of S. Israel climate by
irrigation
Pielke et al., July 1999, MWR - S FL land-use changes and reduced rainfall
Karlsson, June 2000, JAM – Clearing in a forest colder than open areas on
radiation night

Aviation Meteorology

Croft et al., Sept. 1997, WAF - SE US fog forecasting
Bernstein et al., Dec. 1997, WAF - Aircraft icing
Roebber et al., Sept. 1998, WAF - Persistent low overcast events (15 day of fog-
1991-2).

Bores

Locatelli et al., June 1998, BAMS – Undular bore in High Plains (good mesoscale
analysis example)

Boundary Layer

Grimsdell and Angevine, Jan 2000, JAM –Transition of PBL from daytime
heating to nocturnal inversion—different formation depending
on daytime PBL depth and strength of winds in PBL

Climate Change

Rajeev Gouda et al., Oct. 1997, BAMS - Students' misunderstanding of issues
Bove et al., July 1998, BAMS - No changes in Gulf landfalling hurricanes during
century.
Pielke and Landsea, Sept. 1998, WAF - Normalized US hurricane damage (rebuts
false idea that hurricanes are getting stronger).
Kunkel et al, June 1999, BAMS – Comprehensive review of increasing weather-
related property damage (shows that most areas show little
correlation with increasing amounts of severe weather)—
GREAT PAPER!
Barnett et al, Dec. 1999, BAMS – Summary of what can be attributed as climate
change (and causes) from temperature and
model records
Cayan et al., Mar 2001, BAMS – Warmer springs in NW US through flower,
streamflow data (has references to major
teleconnection papers)
Groisman et al., Feb 2001, BAMS – 20th century trends in stream flow vs
flooding events (shows increase in both)
Brooks and Doswell, Feb 2001, WAF – Normalized historic tornado damage,
similar to approach of Pielke and Landsea (1998)
Hart and Grumm, Sept 2001, MWR – Ranking major E US synoptic events by
anomaly from normal (shows increasing events
in 90’s; lack of correlation with large SST cycles)
Jan 1975 MN storm in there
Ohashi and Kida, Jan 2000, JAM – Interactions between sea breeze and urban-
rural circulation
Jenkins et al., Apr 2002, BAMS – Summary of meeting between US and
W. African meteorologists on challenges
of understanding W. African drought
cycle (good summary of research articles)

Climatology of Major Events

Hart and Grumm, Sept 2001, MWR – Ranking major synoptic E. US events by
anomaly from normal (shows increasing events
in 90’s; lack of correlation with large SST cycles)
Jan 1975 MN storm in there
Grumm and Hart, Dec 2001, WAF – Same thing, except a little more about
application to forecasting

Convection (general)

Alberta

Smith and Yau, 1993, MWR (2 articles) - severe weather

Australia

Potts et al., Sept 2000, MWR – Sydney radar convective climatology

Climatology

Heideman and Fritsch, June 1988, WAF - Summer convective forcing
mechanisms
Hagemeyer, 1991, WAF - SE US, Gulf summer climatology

“Cold air funnels”

Rauber and Scott, Nov. 2001, MWR – Analysis of Illinois case
under 500 mb cut-off (good pictures; shows
CAPE of 280 J/kg with EL at Trop.)

Cold Season

Carr and Millard, Mar. 1985, MWR - comma cloud composite
Colman, May 1990, MWR - thunderstorms without CAPE

Convergence Lines

Burpee and Lahiff, Mar. 1984, MWR - Fla. sea breeze rainfall
Gaza and Bosart, Aug. 1985, MWR - MCI severe weather event
Sheridan et al., Sept. 1987, WAF - CG vs. precip in S. Cent. US
Moncrief and Liu, Oct 1999, MWR – theoretical examination of
convergence and shear in sea-breezes, LLJ, etc.,
in initiating convection

The “Lid” and Underrunning

Farrell and Carlson, Apr. 1989, MWR

Microbursts

Wakimoto, July 1985, MWR - dry microbursts
Johns and Hirt, Mar. 1987, WAF - derechoes
Przyblinski, June 1995, WAF - bow echo
Knupp, Dec. 1996, MWR – Microburst
Pfost and Gerard, Sept. 1997, WAF - Bookend vortex tornadoes

Bentley and Mote, Nov. 1998, BAMS -- More complete derecho climatology
Funk et al, Dec 1999, Part II, WAF – Bow echo w/bookend vortices in
Ohio Valley; rear-to-front jet (good to
use in Meso while doing short squall line
model example)
Schmid et al, Jan 2000, MWR – Swiss bow echo (radar analysis)
Evans and Doswell, June 2001, WAF – Sounding characteristics in proximity to
derechos
Coniglio and Stensrud, July 2001, MWR – model study of force balance in a
derecho

Overview

Bluestein, Apr. 1985, MWR

Southwestern US Monsoon

Maddox et al., Dec. 1995, WAF - severe weather in PHX
Stensrud et al., Apr. 1997, MWR - surges during monsoon
Adams and Conrie, Oct. 1997, BAMS - N. Amer. monsoon review paper
Wallace et al, Dec 1999 Part II, WAF – Comparison of TUS sounding to
PHX observations during monsoon days
(with and without T-storms) and dry days
goes well w/Hagemeyer, summer T-storm game

Supercell Thunderstorms

Bluestein et al., June 1990, MWR - splitting Cu clouds
Sanders and Blanchard, 1993, MWR - isolated KS severe thunderstorm
Nielsen-Gammon and Reed, Mar. 1995, WAF - left moving supercell
McCaul and M. Weisman, Mar. 1996, MWR - supercells in landfalling hurrs
Bluestein et al., Feb. 1997, MWR - portable Doppler radar observation
Bluestein et al., June 1997, MWR - vortices in supercell
Doswell and Bluestein, Oct. 1997, MWR - Tower and Doppler obs. of supercell
Rasmussen and Straka, Sept. 1998, MWR - Roles of anvil flow on development
of HP vs. LP supercells
Bunkers et al., Feb 2000, WAF – Prediction of supercell motion based on vertical
wind shear (Great MESO PAPER—use with model
behavior results and s-r helicity)
Wakimoto and Cai, March 2001, MWR – Detailed Doppler analysis of non-
tornadic mesocyclone near Hays, KS and comparison
with tornadic supercell
Shafer et al, June 2000, MWR – CG through stages of severe system in OK
(some evidence of positive flashes or few flashes
in hail-producing storms and mesocyclones; support
for + convective area, -stratiform area in MCS)
McCaul and M. Weisman, April 2001, MWR – Effect on modeled supercells
when varying height of maximum CAPE, wind shear
(use with model supercell behavior results)
Grasso, Aug 2000(I)a, MWR – Alternative explanation for decay of left-moving
cells
Lehmiller et al., Aug 2001, MWR – Small-scale structure of mesocyclone as
observed by wind profiler/multiple radars
Bluestein and Gaddy, Sept 2001, MWR – Observation of rear-inflow jet
and convergence zone in supercell via aircraft
Doppler
Cai and Wakimoto, Nov 2001, MWR – How dynamic perturbation pressure
forces movement of supercell thunderstorm
(Doppler-derived analysis)
Markowski, Apr 2002, MWR – Review of papers on rear-flank downdrafts and
their potential relationships to hook echoes and
tornadoes (Great Mesoscale paper!)

Tornadoes (general)

Riley and Bosart, Aug. 1987, MWR - Windsor Locks, Ct tornado
Bluestein et al., Jan. 1989, MWR - mobile tornado soundings
Fujita, Sept. 1989, MWR - Yellowstone tornado
Braun and Monteverdi, Mar. 1991, WAF - Calif. tornado
Seimon, 1993, BAMS – Plainfield, IL tornado with CG lightning polarity
reversal; also high CAPE low helicity F5 tornado
Monteverdi and Johnson, June 1996, WAF - supercell T-storm in CA
Kerr and Darkow, Dec. 1996, WAF - helicity vs. CAPE
Stensrud et al, Sept. 1997, WAF - Mesoscale parameters for tornadic
vs. non-tornadic supercells
Corey Mead, Sept. 1997, WAF - Tornadic vs. non-tornadic supercells
Hagemeyer, Sept. 1997, WAF - FL tornado outbreak climatology
Pfost and Gerard, Sept. 1997, WAF - Bookend vortex tornadoes
Browning et al., Dec. 1997, WAF - MO tornado from operational perspective
Wakimoto et al, Feb. 1998, MWR - Overview of tornado-producing storm in
Garden City, KS
Wakimoto and Liu, Feb. 1998, MWR - Analysis of wall cloud and tornado devel.

Palm Sunday 1994 Tornadoes

Koch et al, Aug. 1998, MWR - overview (skips stuff)
Langmid and Riorden, Aug. 1998, MWR - Surface and radar
Kaplan et al., Aug. 1998, MWR - Role of mini-jet (best)

Markowski et al., Sept. 1998, WAF - Supercell tornadoes interacting
w/boundaries
Rasmussen and Blanchard, Dec. 1998, WAF - Climatology of supercell
tornado forecast parameters
Atkins et al, Dec 1999, MWR – Modeling study based on the Garden City, KS
tornado case (Wakimoto et al, 1998) showing
intensification of supercell when crossing a boundary
Rasmussen et al., Jan 2000, MWR – Supercell tornado case study in which
tornadoes only form on cold side of outflow
boundary (good helicity theory review)
Collins et al., Feb 2000, WAF – Tampa Bay area waterspout/tornado
(good Doppler analysis, evaluation of synoptic
situation, possible “landspout;” poor interpretation
of hodograph, acceptance of Eta model)
Bluestein, March 2000, MWR – 1996 tornado over elevated terrain near The
Divide, CO
Smith et al., Sept 2000, MWR – Comparison of supercells (a few) dominated
by positive, negative, and positive-to-negative CG
and surface theta-e (polarity changers take a different
path and are more likely to produce large tornadoes)
Interesting hypothesis—needs more work; follow-up
to Seimon paper; also has Wichita tornado
Thompson and Edwards, Dec 2000, WAF – 3 May 1999 tornado outbreak (OKC
and ICT among others; emphasis on subtle
boundaries)
Marzban and Schafer, April 2001, MWR – Little correlation between El Nino
and US tornadoes (extremely weak relationship w/La Nina)
Ziegler et al., June 2001, MWR – Doppler radar comparison of May 1994
tornadic supercell in Newcastle and non-tornadic supercell Graham

Metz et al, 2004, WAF -- Cyclones with multiple warm fronts -- southern one more likely to produce severe weather.

Thompson et al., 2007, WAF - Effect of varying low-level wind shear/helicity on significant tornado outbreaks.

Tornadoes (non-supercell)

Brady and Szoke, MWR, April 1989, MWR: single Colorado case
Wakimoto and Wilson, June 1989, MWR Proposed model
Roberts and Wilson, Dec. 1995, MWR Dual Doppler Observations

Cold Season Cyclones

Bombs

Sanders and Gyakum, 1980, MWR
Gyakum, 1983, MWR, QE II storm
Gyakum and Barker, Nov. 1988
Lackmann et al., Dec. 1996, MWR - set-up for bombs over W. Atlantic
Gyakum and Danielson, March 2000, MWR – Comparison of ordinary
and explosive cyclogenesis in the Western N. Pacific (good application
of Trenberth approach to QG dynamics—advection of vorticity by the
thermal wind)

Case studies

Carlson, Oct. 1980, MWR - conveyor belts
Boyle and Bosart, 1983, MWR - Cyclone/anticyclone pair
Bosart and O'Handley, March 1989, MWR - subsynoptic structure of a cyclone
Marwitz and Toth, 1993, MWR- Front Range blizzard
Schultz and Mass, 1993, MWR – occlusion
Buckley and Leslie, Oct 2000, WAF – SE Australian severe windstorm
(very little analysis, but does show role of UL jet in
S. Hemis. dynamics)
Bierly and Winkler, Feb 2001, WAF – Isentropic airflow in cyclones that
form downwind of the Colorado Front Range (companion
to conveyor belt papers)
Trapp et al., March 2001, MWR – Mid-level frontogenesis and microphysical
processes in narrow-banded OK snow event
Schultz, Sept 2001, MWR – Revisiting Carlson (1980) with model to look
at structure of cold-air conveyor belt (good
summary of literature, trajectory analysis)

Croft and Gerard, Dec 2001, WAF – Large snowfall in interior MS (mostly model
diagnosis)
Zhang et al, June 2002, MWR – Altering grid point spacing and initial conditions
to attempt to improve forecast of poorly-forecast snow
event in Va/ Carolinas (shows that initial conditions are
as much of a problem as grid spacing—not great paper
otherwise)

Central US

Gyakum, Oct. 1987, MWR - Midwest snowstorm
Silberberg, Mar. 1990, WAF - mesoanalysis of WI snowstorm
R. Weisman, June 1996, WAF - 1989 Fargo Blizzard
Keshishian et al., 1994, MWR - inverted troughs in the N. Plains
Ruscher and Condo, Aug. 1996, WAF (2 articles) - Nov. 1989
Ohio Valley Snow (I-Dynamics, II-frontogenesis)

Climatology

Whittaker and Horn, 1981, MWR - N. American cyclogenesis

Cloud Physics

Seeding

Farley et al, Aug 2000, JAM – Modeling of several Black Hills storms for
purpose of snow augmentation seeding
(only uses surface, PBL winds; no synoptic forcing
for ascent)

Snowfall
Rasmussen et al., Oct 1999, JAM – Measurement of snowfall rates vs surface
visibility

Cold Surges

Colucci and Davenport, Apr. 1987, MWR - anticyclogenesis
Konrad and Colucci, Dec. 1989, MWR - Cold air outbreaks
Kapela et al., June 1995, WAF: Ground blizzards in the Northern Plains.
Miller et al., Aug. 1996, MWR - arctic front structure (good use of
frontogenesis).
Schultz et al, Jan. 1997, MWR - cold surge with 1993 "Superstorm"
Schultz et al., Jan. 1998, MWR - climatology of C. America cold surges
(good clues for C. US surges)
Lupo et al., May 2001, MWR – South American cold surges
Zhong et al., Oct 2001, MWR – Trapped cold air pool in eastern
Washington (shows total decoupling of
surface air—similar to fog outbreak)

Diagnostics

Lupo, Jan 2002, MWR -- Role of ageostrophic vorticity advection in
two cyclone cases (acts as brake)

East Coast

Bosart, 1981, MWR - boundary layer/ coastal front perspective on
President's Day storm in VA.NC of 1979
Uccelini et al., 1984, MWR - jet streak perspective on President's Day storm
Hakim and Uccelini, Sept. 1987, WAF - 2 snow cases in DC area
Kocin et al., Dec. 1988, WAF - blizzard of 1899
Stewart et al., Feb. 1990, MWR - winter storm over Nova Scotia
Mote et al., Mar. 1997, WAF - SE US snow
Zhang et al., Aug. 1999, MWR (2 parts) - family of cyclones off E.Coast
Gyakum and Roebber, Dec. 2001, MWR – Planetary scale analysis
of waves and air streams for Quebec/New England
ice storm of 5-9 January 1998

Ensemble Forecasting

Sivillo et al., Dec. 1997, WAF - simplified explanation
Fritsch et al., Oct 2000, WAF – Consensus of models improve forecasts
even over short-range ensembles (also
documents problems models have with zonal
flow)

Forecasting

Durran and Snellman, Mar. 1987, WAF - omega diagnosis in real time
Dunn, Dec. 1988, WAF - vertical motion in Colo. snowstorm
Johnston, June 1995, WAF - satellite forecasting of heavy snow from modest
storms
Spencer et al., Feb. 1996, MWR - QG diagnostics using profiler data
Stensrud and Wandishin, Oct 2000, WAF – Uses new statistic (illustrates well
bad forecast skill in precipitation, CAPE, CIN)

Cyclolysis

Martin et al, April 2001, MWR – Rapid N. Pacific surface cyclolysis climatology
Morris, Jr., and P. Smith, Nov. 2001, MWR – Diagnosis of two weakening
cyclones using Z-O equation
Martin and Marsili, May 2002, MWR – Rapid cyclolysis in N. Pacific using
piecewise PV analysis (modeling of Martin et
at, April 2001)

Lake Effects/Modification by Great Lakes

Niziol, Dec. 1987, WAF - forecasting method for Ontario/Erie lake effect snow
Kristovich and Steve, Setp. 1995, JAM - satellite climatology of lake effect
Ellis and Leathers, June 1996, WAF - synoptic climatology of NY/PA lake
effect snow
Angel and Isand, Sept. 1997, MWR - Effect of Great Lakes on passing cyclones
Miner and Fritsch, Dec. 1997, MWR - Lake effect rain vs snow in eastern Great
Lakes
Ballantine et al., Dec. 1998, WAF - Model simulation of lake-effect snow
Nicosia et al., April 1999, WAF - Lake-enhanced rainband
Schmidlin and Kosarik, June 1999, BAMS – Record lake-effect snow in NE Ohio
(interesting case, BAD paper)
Kristovich et al., Dec 1999, MWR – PBL roll circulations and their effect on lake
effect precipitation
Steenburgh et al., March 2000, MWR – Climatology of Great Salt Lake
snowstorms
Roebber and Gehring, June 2000, WAF – Prediction of Lake Michigan breeze
(good documentation of MM5 lake temp analysis
errors)
Laird et al., Feb 2001, MWR – Doppler analysis of lake-induced mesoscale
vortex formed over Lake Michigan
Lackmann, Feb 2001, WAF – Poorly forecast lake effect event at KROC (good
analysis of lake-induced troughs, model errors,
previous references)
Sousounis et al., March 2001, MWR – Modeling study of Great Lakes aggregate
intense cyclone in Sept. 1996
Steenburgh and Onton, June 2001, MWR – Lake effect storm on south shore of
Great Salt Lake
Onton and Steenburgh, June 2001, MWR – Modeling study of Steenburgh and
Onton, June 2001
Mann et al., June 2002, MWR – Role of multiple lakes on major lake effect snow
event (looks at upwind lakes vs eastern lakes)

Large Amplitude Gravity Waves

Bosart and Seimon, Oct. 1998, MWR -strong gravity wave in SE US
Schneider, Dec. 1990, WAF - Dec. 15, 1987 storm
Koch and O'Handley, June 1997, WAF - forecasting rules
Bosart et al., June 1998, MWR - NE storm
Koppel et al., Jan. 2000, MWR – Gravity wave climatology (good to
use with MCCs, cyclone climo., arctic
outbreaks)
Zhang and Koch, Aug 2000(I), MWR – Gravity wave in CCOPE event
(caused by interaction between mtns
and outflow boundary)
Rauber et al., Feb 2001, MWR – Origin and large-scale effects of moderate
amplitude gravity wave during
STORM-FEST (KS, MO)
Yang et al. Feb 2001, MWR –Dual Doppler analysis of gravity wave in
Rauber et al. (Feb. 2001)

Polar Lows

Rasmussen, 1979, QJRMS
Reed, 1979, MWR
Rasmussen, 1961, JAS
Locatelli et al., 1982, MWR
Mullen, 1983, MWR--bombs from polar lows
Sardie and Warner, 1983, JAS--model study
Mills and Walsh, Sept. 1988, WAR--Winter polar low over Midwest
Businger and Reed, June 1989, WAF--review paper
Bresch et al., Dec. 1997, MWR - Numerical study (PV perspective)
Pagowski and G. Moore, Jan 2001, MWR – Modelling study of polar lows in
Labrador Sea

Return flow from Gulf

Wang et al., Nov. 1998, MWR - average surface fields over NW Gulf

STORM Model

Martin et al., Feb. 1995, MWR
Wong et al., May 1995, MWR
Locatelli et al., Sept. 1995, MWR

Hobbs et al., June 1996, BAMS -- Short overview paper on Storm Model
Locatelli et al., Nov. 1997, MWR - Surface convergence triggering convection during CFA
Locatelli et al., Apr. 1998, MWR - Squall line triggered by CFA
Koch, Feb. 2001, WAF – “Split front” analysis using model output, radar VAD
wind profiles
Locatelli et al., Feb 2002, MWR – Non-convective rainband associated w/CFA
Locatelli et al., Feb 2002, WAF – Comparison of “CFA” storm versus
“Traditional” storm (CFA system is questionable;
traditional storm is record-setting Nov 1998—low pressure
storm w/IT Ahead distribution)
Locatelli et al., June 2002, MWR – Tries to fit Palm Sunday 1974 tornado
outbreak into CFA model (model has about 100-300 km
errors on feature placement—admits on last page that
CFA is rarely noted through observation network—
AAAAAARRRRRRRRGGGGGGGGHHHHH!)

"Superstorm 1993"

Dickinson et al., Dec. 1997, MWR - Model problems with initial stages of development (PV perspective)

Symmetric Instability

Emanuel, 1982, JAS--squall lines
Emanuel, 1983, MWR
Moore and Blakely, Nov. 1988, MWR--Midwest snowstorm
Lussky, June 1989, WAR--MT flood study
Reuter and Yau, Feb. 1990, MWR
Moore and Lambert, 1993, WAF – EPV method
Martin, Feb. 1998b, MWR - CSI and frontogenesis for heavy snowband in
Central US (why frontogenesis may be enough)
Nicosia and Grumm, June 1999, WAF - CSI in 3 NE snows
Schultz and Schumacher, Dec 1999, MWR – Use and misuse of CSI
(advanced article)
Follow-up: Sherwood and Schultz et al, Dec. 2000, MWR

Data Analysis and Accuracy

Groisman and Legates, 1994, BAMS – Accuracy of US precipitation data
Benjamin et al, Dec. 1999, Part II, WAF – Accuracy/consistency of ACARS
reports
Pauley, Apr. 2002, WAF – 180o wind errors from ACARS
Alduchov and Eskridge, Apr. 2002, JAM – formula to find errors in radiosonde
elevation (Rapid City and Aberdeen (?))
Christy, May 2002, BAMS – Tracking down record heat in N Alabama
(Good Instruments paper)
Janis, May 2002, JAM – Biases at KCOU in midnight-midnight maximum/
minimum temperature records

Doppler Radar

Bauer-Messner et al., Dec. 1997, WAF - Doppler precip estimates for two different types of convective systems
Wood and Brown, Dec. 1997, WAF - Doppler mesocyclone detection variance with distance from radar

Drought

Woodhouse and Barnett, Dec. 1998, BAMS – Climatic and paleoclimatic records
of Great Plains drought back to year 1 C.E. (A.D.)

Dry line

Benjamin and Carlson, Feb. 1986, MWR--modeling study of dryline/lee trough
Ziegler and Hane, 1993, MWR--dryline
Hane et al., Feb. 1997, MWR--dryline vs. severe thunderstorms
Crawford and Bluestein, Apr. 1997, MWR--dryline passages
Atkins et al., Mar. 1998, MWR -Fine scale structure (preferred cloud
development)
Bluestein and Crawford, Sept. 1997, MWR - Dryline boundary layer
Ziegler and Rasmussen, Dec. 1998, WAF - Initiation of dryline convection
Parsons et al, Nov 2000, MWR – Evolution of nocturnal dry line when merging
with a cold front (proposes useful conceptual
model, but states that dry line won’t trigger
nocturnal convection—questionable)
Hane et al., Sept 2001, MWR – Case study of dry line bulge case (studies
dry line motion and interaction with thin lines)
Hane et al., April 2002, MWR – Case study of dry line convection with dry line
bulge and interactive with cloud line
Weiss and Bluestein, May 2002, MWR – Dry line-outflow boundary overlap
producing convection (airborne Doppler analysis)

Education

Brown et al, Oct 1999, BAMS – Statistics Education (one basic course isn’t
enough)

El Nino

Trenberth, Dec. 1997, BAMS - definition
Smith et al., 1998, MWR - Winter flow patterns during El Nino/La Nina
Barsugli et al., July 1999, BAMS – El Nino effects on individual storms
(evaluated using ensembles of MRF w/ and w/o El Nino SST’s)
Pielke and Landsea, Oct 1999, BAMS – El Nino/La Nina correlation with US
hurricane damage (best correlated with La Nina)
Marzban and Schafer, April 2001, MWR – Little correlation between El Nino
and US tornadoes (extremely weak relationship w/La Nina)

Flash Flooding

Bosart and Sanders, 1981, JAS--MCC case study of Johnstown, PA flood
Lussky, June 1989, WAR--MT flood study
Schwartz et al., 1990, WAF--1987 Bloomington flash flood
Barnes and Kuligowski, Oct. 1998, MWR - mtn modification of precip in PA flood case
Sanders, Dec 2000, MWR – Flash flood in KY and surface frontogenesis
Groisman et al., Feb 2001, BAMS – 20th century trends in stream flow vs
flooding events (shows increase in both)

Flow over Mountains

Ron Smith, 1979, JAS
Ron Smith, 1984, JAS--lee cyclogenesis (highly theoretical)
Lin et al., Dec 2001, WAF – Comparison of heavy orographic rainfall events
in many parts of the world (excellent research and
review)

Alps

McGinley, Apr. 1982, MWR--lee cyclogenesis

Andes

Lupo et al., May 2001, MWR – South American cold surges
Garreaud et al., Jan 2002, MWR – Generation of coastal lows along west coast
of South America which increase drying in
coastal areas

Appalachians

Passarelli and Boehme, May 1983, MWR--orographic modulation of precip
R. Weisman, Apr. 1990, MWR (2 articles)--S. Appalach. summer lee troughs
and convection
VonderHarr et al., Oct. 1990, MWR--SE US convection vs topography
Hakim, 1992, MWR - Killer "back door" front
O'Handley and Bosart, July 1996, MWR--cyclones passing over Appalachians
Schumacher et al., Nov. 1996, MWR--fronts passing over Appalachians
Barnes and Kuligowski, Oct. 1998, MWR - mtn modification of precip in PA
flood case
Seaman and Michelson, March 2000, JAM – Role of lee troughs in Northeast
US high ozone episode
Brady and Waldstreicher, June 2001, WAF – Rain-shadowing in NE PA valley
(good mountain wave theory explanation, some analysis
questionable)

Appalachian Coastal Fronts and Cold Air Damming

Ballentine, Oct. 1980, MWR - Numerical model of coastal frontogenesis
Keshishian and Bosart, Jan. 1987, MWR - E. Coast frontogenesis
Bell and Bosart, Jan. 1988, MWR - balance of forces in cold air damming
Nielsen, July 1989, MWR

California

Ulrickson and Mass, Oct. 1990, MWR (2 articles)--LA basin flow
Lin and Jao, Nov. 1995, MWR--flow in Calif. Central Valley
Pauley et al., Apr. 1996, BAMS--severe CA dust storm
Zaremba and Carroll, Oct. 1999, JAM – Observation and modeling of
summer Sacramento Valley flow patterns
Pomeroy and Parish, March 2001, MWR – Summer coastal jet case study

Hawaii and Alaska

Kodana and Businger, Sept. 1998, WAF - Pacific Region forecast problems

Intermountain Region of US

June 1993, WAF (entire issue)--Intermountain Region Forest problems
Harnack et al, June 1997, WAF--Utah wind storms
Lindsey et al., Aug 1999, JAM – Pollutant transport from N. AZ power plant
into Grand Canyon and surroundings
Whiteman, Zhong, and Bian, Aug 1999, JAM – Winter PBL in Grand Canyon
Whiteman, Bian, and Zhong, Aug 1999, JAM – Winter inversions in northern
Arizona
Steenburgh and Blazek, June 2001, WAF – distortion of cold front passing
through Snake River Valley
Zhong et al., Oct 2001, MWR – Trapped cold air pool in eastern
Washington (shows total decoupling of
surface air—similar to fog outbreak)
Rife et al, April 2002, MWR – Salt breeze and lake breeze in Salt Lake Basin
Stewart et al, May 2002, BAMS – Thermally-driven wind flows in complex
terrain (Snake River Canyon, NV, AZ, Salt Lake
Basin)

Pacific Northwest

Reed, 1980, BAMS – Collapse of Hood Canal Bridge due to windstorm
Albright and Mass, Aug. 1985, MWR--Severe Wash. Windstorm
Bond et al., March 1996, MWR--flow reversals along West Coast
Mass and Bond, March 1996, MWR
Steenburgh and Mass, July 1996, MWR--"Inauguration Day" 1993 wind
storm in WA
Steenburgh et al., June 1997, WAF--terrain circs. and snow level in WA
Chen and Mass, Aug. 1997, MWR--warm season cold fronts in Pac NW
Colle and Mass, Jan. 1998, MWR - West Cascade wind storms
Chien et al., May 2001, MWR – Modification of strong winter cold front
as it approaches then makes landfall in Pac NW
(Good proof of lack of surface penetration of Pacific
cold fronts)

Rocky Mountains

Colle and Mass, Sept. 1995, MWR--cold surges to the lee of the Rockies
Schultz et al, Jan. 1997, MWR - cold surge with 1993 "Superstorm"
Davis, Nov. 1997, MWR - Terrain induced anticyclonic circulations in lee of Front Range
Schultz et al., Jan. 1998, MWR - climatology of C. America cold surges
(good clues for C. US surges)
Bluestein, March 2000, MWR – 1996 tornado over elevated terrain near The
Divide, CO
Bowen et al., March 2000, JAM – Nocturnal vertical wind shear and air
pollution in the Northern NM Rio Grande Valley
Zhang and Koch, Aug 2000(I), MWR – Gravity wave in CCOPE event
(caused by interaction between mtns
and outflow boundary)

Florida sea breeze

Atkins and Wakimoto, Sept. 1997, MWR
Weckwerth, Dec. 2000, MWR – HCRs key to initiating convection, but can’t be
forecast using soundings
Shepherd et al., Feb 2001, MWR – Role of mid-level vertical moisture flux
in determining rainfall from summer convection
Lericos et al., Feb 2002, WAF – FL summer lightning climatology stratified by
different weak forcing patterns (nice paper)

Forecasting and Operational Numerical Model Performance

Stoss and Mullen, June 1995, WAF--NGM performance in various 500 mb flow patterns
Hutchinson, Sept. 1995, WAF--NGM Alberta Clipper errors
Roebber and Bosart, Dec. 1996, WAF--"value" of a forecast
Toth et al., May 1997, WAF--uses of ensemble forecasting
Brooks et al., Oct. 1997, BAMS - Verifying broadcast vs NWS fcsts (suggestions for improvement)
Vislocky and Fritsch, Dec. 1997, BAMS - Blended model MOS improves over
individual MOS
Roebber and Bosart, Feb. 1998, MWR - Precipitation differences in analogous
storms
Hart et al., Dec. 1998,WAF- Model-generated soundings for severe weather cases
Stensrud et al., April 1999, MWR - Eta ensembles (good demonstration of techn.)
White et al., Feb. 1999, WAF - Short-term forecast verification of 6 models
Colle and Mass, March 2000, MWR – Evaluation of MM5 precipitation
forecasts during Pacific NW flooding event
(show limitations of reducing grid spacing, problems
in model microphysics)
Fritsch et al., Oct 2000, WAF – Consensus of models improve forecasts
even over short-range ensembles (also
documents problems models have with zonal
flow)
Colle et al., Dec. 2000, WAF – Precipitation forecast verification from MM5
(documents that smaller grid spacing only helps to a
point)
Wetzel and Martin, Feb 2001, WAF – An ingredients-based forecasting method
(cold season, involves PV, conditional symmetric
instability)
Comments by Schultz, Cortinas, and Doswell – Feb 2002, WAF
and reply
Grimit and Mass, April 2002, WAF – Short-range ensemble forecast errors in
Pacific NW (good review of ensemble articles)

Heat wave

Kunkel et al., 1996, BAMS – July 1995 heat wave in central US (600 deaths in
ORD, MKE)
Palecki et al., July 2001, BAMS – July 1999 heat wave in central US (longer-
lived than 1995)

Precipitation Type

Hanesink and Stewart, Nov. 1995, MWR - mesoscale analysis of severe sleet
storm in NFLD
Berr, Dec. 1997, JAM - Study of lower tropospheric parameters for freezing rain
vs. sleet
Bernstein, Oct 2000, WAF – Synoptic climatology of freezing rain, freezing
drizzle, and sleet (Great paper!)
Bourgouin, Oct 2000, WAF – Method of forecasting mixed precipitation using
sounding areas of above and below zero (method used
for Canadian prediction of precipitation type--used all N.
American radiosondes, so can apply to US)
Kain et al., Dec 2000, WAF – Melting of falling snowflakes producing wet snow
in a rain situation in KY, TN
Coleman and Marwitz, Feb 2002, WAF – Single storm analysis of dynamics,
soundings
Robbins and Cortinas, Feb 2002, WAF – National climatology

Frontal Structure (polar front and other models)

Reed and Albright, Dec. 1997, WAF - Spiral occluded front structure in oceanic
cyclone
Hutchinson and Bluestein, Jan. 1998, MWR - Pre-frontal wind shifts in C. US
climo and case study
Martin, Feb. 1998a, MWR - Development of C. US occluded cyclone
Schultz et al., July 1998, MWR - Differences in synoptic flow for Norwegian vs.
"T-bone" cyclones
Market and Moore, July 1998, MWR - effect of occlusion process on warm
advection, precipitation (unanalyzed IT case)
Nieman et al., Oct. 1998, MWR - Following 3 C. US fronts during STORMFEST
Martin, Jan. 1999, MWR - QG forcing of trowal (manifestation of lift through
occlusion)
Sanders, June 1999, MWR - frontal analysis using potl. temp.
Schultz and Steenburgh, June 1999, MWR - forward-tilting CF
Sanders and Kessler, June 1999, MWR - Abrupt OK fronts
Wakimoto and B. Bosart, Feb 2001, MWR – Doppler observations of warm front
in eastern Atlantic

Fronts and Frontogenesis

Shapiro, 1984, MWR - microscale front study
Dorinn et al., Dec. 1988, WAF - frontogenesis and squall line formation
(clear zones in cold air)
Hobbs et al., Dec. 1990, WAF - cold fronts aloft
Moore and Smith, Mar. 1989, WAF - anafronts and katafronts
Locatelli et al., Sept. 1995, MWR - cold frontogenesis aloft and squall lines
Sanders, Oct 1999, MWR – Short-lived cold front in TX, NM
Korner and Martin, May 2000, MWR –Frontogenesis as forced from PV
perspective

Hurricanes and Tropical Systems

DiMego and Bosart, 1982, MWR- Agnes redevelopment (2 articles)
Bosart and Dean, Dec. 1991, WAF - Agnes surface analysis
Bosart et al., 1992, MWR - BRO heavy rain
Bosart and Lackmann, 1995, MWR – Transition of David (1979) to extratropical
cyclone
Samsury and Zipser, Dec. 1995, MWR - role of outer eyewall in weakening inner
eyewall
Spratt et al., Sept. 1997, WAF - Tropical cyclone outer band tornadoes
Pasch et al., May 1998, MWR - Comparison of tropical flow characteristics
between 1994 and 1995 (most active ever)
Laurence et al., May 1998, MWR - Review of 1995 Atlantic season
Landsea et al., May 1998, MWR - Tropical characteristics supporting near record
1995 Atlantic activity
Powell and Houston, May 1998, MWR - Detailed surface observations of 5
landfalling hurricanes, including terrain effects
Willoughby, Dec. 1998, MWR - Eye soundings and circulation (evaluation of
parcel theory)
Pasch and Avila, May 1999, MWR - 1996 Atlantic season
Bosart et al, Feb 2000, MWR – Interaction with extratropical trough
produces rapid intensification of Opal (1995);
some PV in analysis
Thorncroft and Jones, April 2000, MWR – Transition of two hurricane to
extratropical cyclones in eastern Atlantic (one became a
bomb)
Molinari and Vollaro, Sept 2000, MWR – Effect of broadening of ITCZ in E
Pacific and Mexico plus easterly waves on development
of E Pacific tropical cyclones
Reale and Atlas, Feb 2001, WAF – Two Subtropical lows in the Meditterenean
Morrison and Businger, Feb 2001, WAF – Subtropical “Kona” low that hit
Hawaii with wind damage, blizzards at high elevs.
Hanley et al, Oct 2001, MWR – Interactions between upper-tropospheric waves
and Atlantic tropical cyclones through PV
analysis (good paper)
Konrad, Oct 2001, MWR – Diurnal favoring of Atlantic tropical cyclones making
eastern US landfall during evening and midmorning
Franklin et al., Dec. 2001, MWR – 2000 Atlantic hurricane season
Lawrence et al., Dec. 2001, MWR – 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Pasch et al., Dec. 2001, MWR -- 1998 Atlantic hurricane season
Lander and Guard, Dec. 2001, MWR – Record 1998 western North Pacific
hurricane season
Grist et al., Feb 2002, MWR – Seasonal variation of flows associated with
wet and dry years in western Africa (Part II is good)

Jet Streaks (Lower Troposphere)

Bonner, 1968, MWR
Djuric and Ludwig, 1983, MWR
Sjostedt et al., Sept. 1990, WAF - LLJ in Carolinas
Chou et al., July 1990, MWR - Mei-Yu front and LLJ
R. Weisman, Apr. 1990, MWR - Summer LLJ along Atlantic Coast
Mitchell et al, Sept. 1995, WAF - Climo of Plains summer LLJ using profiler data
Zhong et al., May 1996, MWR - plains summer LLJ using profiler and model data
Whiteman et al., Oct. 1997, JAM - LLJ observed by OK tower (climo)
Walters and Winkler, Oct. 2001, WAF – 12 different climatological types of LLJs
in central US
Walters, Oct. 2001, WAF – Synoptic patterns associated with 12 LLJ patterns
from Walters and Winkler (some coupled w/ULJ,
some not)

Jet Streaks (Upper Troposphere)

Uccelini and Johnson, 1979, MWR
Uccelini, 1980, MWR
Shapiro and Kennedy, 1981, JAS unbalanced jet streaks
Bluestein and Thomas, 1984, MWR
Sechrist and Whitaker, 1979, MWR
Kocin and Uccelini, Dec. 1987, WAF--jet streaks in heavy snow events
Hakim and Uccelini, 1992, WAF--coupled jets and Northern Plains snow
Moore and VanKnowe, 1992, MWR--curved jets

Lightning Analysis

MacGorman and Reap, March 1989, MWR--thunderstorm and lightning data
Seimon, 1993, BAMS – Plainfield, IL tornado with CG lightning polarity
reversal; also high CAPE low helicity F5 tornado
Holle and Watson, Dec. 1996, WAF--winter storms
Perez et al., Sept. 1997, WAF - lightning and violent tornadoes
Hodanish et al., Sept. 1997, WAF - 10-yr FL climatology
Sheridan et al., Sept. 1997, WAF - CG vs precip in S Cent US
Bluestein and MacGorman, June 1998, MWR - storm development in
supercells (varied signatures)
Molinari et al., April 1999, MWR - lightning signatures in hurricanes
Huffines and R.Orville, July 1999, JAM - US lightning 1989-96
R. Orville and Huffines, MWR, Nov 1999 – 1995-97 US CG lightning (useless as
usual)
Rorig and Ferguson, Nov 1999, JAM – Comparison of CG lightning and synoptic
weather patterns for fire ignition in the Pacific NW
Schultz, Dec. 1999, Part II, WAF – Lake-effect snow with/without lightning
Lang et al., Jan 2000, MWR—low CG flash rates in hail producing storms (high
IC); also good review of charge separation theory
Shafer et al, June 2000, MWR – CG through stages of severe system in OK
(some evidence of positive flashes or few flashes
in hail-producing storms and mesocyclones; support
for + convective area, -stratiform area in MCS)
Carey and Rutledge, Aug. 2000 (Part I), MWR – Lightning charge separation in
tropical cloud cluster (lightning only created when
storm merges with cluster that has ice)
Smith et al., Sept 2000, MWR – Comparison of supercells (a few) dominated
by positive, negative, and positive-to-negative CG
and surface theta-e (polarity changers take a different
path and are more likely to produce large tornadoes)
Interesting hypothesis—needs more work; follow-up
to Seimon paper; also has Wichita tornado
Boccippio et al., Jan 2001, MWR – IC:CG ratio (very high in the Plains, low
in or near the mountains; correlation to some degree
with number of +CG; some comments about cloud
charging theory)
Zajac and Rutledge, May 2001, MWR – Best lightning climatology paper yet (full
US; shows least strong diurnal favoring with
evening maximum KS/CO border to MN)
Parker et al., May 2001, MWR – Different positive/negative signals in MCS
depending on where stratiform region is relative
to most intense convection
Orville and Huffines, May 2001, MWR – National summary 1989-1998 (useless
as usual)
Altaratz et al., May 2001, MWR – Comparison of radar echoes to CG in Israel
during winter thunderstorms (need 40 dBz echo
to get first ground flash)
Soriano et al., Dec 2001, MWR – Relationship of CG strikes with heavy rainfall
in Spain (not necessarily linked)
McCaul et al., Feb 2002, MWR – low CG flash rate (high IC) during tornadic
storm (related to original structure as LP
supercell?)
Lericos et al., Feb 2002, WAF – FL summer lightning climatology stratified by
different weak forcing patterns (nice paper)

Map Analysis

1. Mass et al., 1991, MWR - Spurious diurnal signal in MSL pressure
2. Pauley, Sept. 1998, WAF - MSL pressure reduction problems

Marine layers (California)

Dorman et al, June 2000, MWR – observation and simuation of mean summer
California marine boundary layer
Koracin and Dorman, Aug 2001, MWR—simulation of stratus fog prone areas
along California coast

Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs) and related systems (MCSs)

Maddox, 1980, BAMS--definition
Bosart and Sanders, 1981, JAS--MCC case study of Johnstown, PA flood
Maddox et al., 1981, JAS--MCC case study
Maddox and Doswell, 1982, MWR
Maddox, 1983, MWR--MCC composite
Wetzel et al., 1983, MWR--Colorado MCC development
Schwartz et al, Mar. 1987, WAF--use of model output to fcst MCCs
Cotton et al., Apr. 1989, MWR--composite study
Cotton and Tripoli, Feb. 1989, MWR--precipitation climatology
Schwartz et al., 1990, WAF--1987 Bloomington flash flood
Fritsch et al., 1994, JAS – Observation of MCV with recurring intensification
over 3-day period.
McCollum et al., Sept. 1995, WAF--MCS in PHX
Corfidi et al., Mar. 1996, WAF--method for forecasting MCC movement
Rochette and Moore, Dec. 1996, WAF--elevated MCS and heavy rain
Bartels et al, Feb. 1997, MWR--profiler study of MCS vortex
Braun and Houze, Apr. 1997, MWR--evolution of rear-to-front flow
McAnelly et al., June 1997, MWR--evolution of MCS from smaller cells
C.J. Anderson and Arritt, March 1998, MWR, Elongated systems vs MCCs in '92 and '93
Knapp et al., July 1998, MWR (2 articles) - development of small MCS in AL from precursor storms
Yu et al, May 1999, MWR - MCV formation within active MCS
Tucker and Crook, June 1999, MWR - Development of MCS from mtn convection (model)
Tucker and Zentmire, Dec 1999, Part II, WAF – Development of lee of
Rockies MCCs vs 500 and 700 mb lapse rate and RH
(possible study to build upon)
Nachamkin et al, May 2000, MWR – Interaction of MCS with environment
Part I – Observations; Part II (Nachamkim and Cotton) –
Model Study
Laing and Fritsch, Aug 2000 (Part I), MWR – Comparison of synoptic set-up for
MCC’s in US, S. America, Africa, Australia, China
Romero et al., Nov 2000, MWR – Two MCS cases over eastern Spain (good
climatology ideas in area, including blocking—Nov cases)
Rogers and Fritsch, April 2001, MWR – Modeling of Fritsch et al (1994)
recurring MCV case, showing possible development
mechanisms (good explanation of cause of pressure rise
in downdraft highs—p. 626)
Davis et al., Jan 2002, MWR – Attempt at MCV climatology (only used RUC
model to identify MCV’s); good demonstration of lack of
MCV predictability
Trier and Davis, Apr 2002, MWR – Dynamic and thermodynamic look at a
long lived mesoscale convective vortex

Mid-tropospheric troughs and interactions

Sanders, 1987, WAF--climatology of 500 mb vorticity maxima
Sanders, 1988, MWR--life history of troughs
Bosart and Lai, Oct. 1988, MWR--trough merger in split flow
Colucci et al, Mar. 1989, MWR--1950-85 500 mb center climo
Bell and Bosart, Oct. 1989, MWR--closed 500 mb center climo
Barnes and Colman, 1993, MWR--cyclogenesis with a cut-off low
Bell and Bosart, 1993, MWR--cut-off low without cyclogenesis
Hakim et al., Sept., 1995, MWR--wave merger with explosive cyclogenesis
Bosart et al., Sept. 1996, MWR--PV perspective on flow factors relating to 1993 "Superstorm"
Bresky and Colucci, Oct. 1996, MWR--cyclogenesis from PV perspective
Dean and Bosart, Dec. 1996, MWR--trough merger and fracture
Strahl and P. Smith, Sept. 2001, MWR – Case study of trough merger using
Z-O equation

Minnesota Local Studies

Johnson and Baker, Dec. 1997, JAM - Climatology of PBL at MSP (when is radiational cooling most likely)

Moisture and Humidity

Raymond, Dec 2000, Part 2, JAM – Transformation of specific humidity tendency
equation to relative humidity and its effects

Occluded Fronts

Reed and Albright, Dec. 1997, WAF - Spiral occluded front structure in oceanic
cyclone
Martin, Feb. 1998a, MWR - Development of C. US occluded cyclone
Market and Moore, July 1998, MWR - effect of occlusion process on warm
advection, precipitation (unanalyzed IT case)
Martin, Jan. 1999, MWR - QG forcing of trowal (manifestation of lift through
occlusion)
Martin, Oct. 1999, MWR – Role of geostrophic vorticity and deformation in
various occluded lows
Stoelinga et al, May 2002, BAMS – Occlusions and “forward-tilting cold fronts”
(highly disagree with first example of
Central US occlusion)

Precipitation

Climatology

Charba et al., March 1998, WAF - monthly precip freq (SW of Lk Superior has max summer light)
Harnack et al, Dec 1999 Part II, WAF – Synoptic climatology of NJ
heavy rain events (fairly simple, but good to
use to show methods for research projects)
Brooks and Stensrud, April 2000, MWR – Climatology of US
heavy rain events using hourly precip data
Robbins and Cortinas, Feb 2002, WAF – US freezing rain events

Diurnal variation

Wallace, 1975, MWR--National/low station density
Bosart and Landin, June 1985, MWR--KNE US precip
Riley et al., 1987, MWR--Rockies and High Plains
Bosart and Landin, Aug. 1989, MWR--Calif., Nev. precip

Historic

Hu et al., Feb. 1998, BAMS - Central US precip trends

Potential Vorticity Analysis

Lackmann et al., Nov. 1997, MWR - Upper-level PV anomaly precursors to cyclogenesis (in Prairie Provs.?)
Lackmann et al., Mar. 1998, MWR - NWT case study (some relation to IT cases?)
Morgan and Nielsen-Gammon, Oct. 1998, MWR - Use of tropopause maps to diagnose cyclones
Huo et al., Nov. 1999, MWR – PV analysis of 1993 “Superstorm”
Morgan, Dec 1999, MWR – PV analysis of frontogenesis using Q-vectors
Bosart et al, Feb 2000, MWR – Interaction with extratropical trough
produces rapid intensification of Opal (1995);
some PV in analysis
Korner and Martin, May 2000, MWR –Frontogenesis as forced from PV
perspective
Lupo et al., May 2001, MWR – South American cold surges
Derom et al., May 2001, MWR – N. Hemis. distribution of PV during
average, PNA, NAO winters

Hanley et al, Oct 2001, MWR – Interactions between upper-tropospheric waves
and Atlantic tropical cyclones through PV
analysis (good paper)
Lackmann, Jan 2002, MWR – Role of diabatically-forced low level PV
anomaly in strengthening LLJ during major
precipitation event associated with weak
surface cyclone (Good for class use)
Martin and Marsili, May 2002, MWR – Rapid cyclolysis in N. Pacific using
piecewise PV analysis (modeling study after
Martin et al, April 2001)

Safety

Holle et al, Oct 1999, BAMS – Lightning safety from a panel of experts

Teleconnections

Wallace and Gutzler, 1981, MWR – Defines PNA and NAO
Cayan et al., Mar 2001, BAMS – Warmer springs in NW US through flower,
streamflow data (has references to major
teleconnection papers)
Derom et al., May 2001, MWR – N. Hemis. distribution of PV during
average, PNA, NAO winters

Temperature Forecasting

Kline and Klien, Mar. 1984, MWR--700 mb height vs. surf. temp.
Elsner et al., Apr. 1996, BAMS--TLH cold min anomaly

Weather Modification

Dessens, Dec. 1998, JAM - Hail suppression in France

Wind Chill

Quayle and Steadman, Dec. 1998, WAF - revised wind chill

Send comments to: scsweisman@stcloudstate.edu
Last updated: 18-February-2003